This paper develops an overlapping generations (OLG) model with discrete choice agents to analyze how land asset constraints affect intergenerational welfare in China. Although urban migration provides higher wages and enhanced pension benefits, rural households incur significant costs: high housing expenditures and the loss of land value, which deter relocation. The results underscore the role of institutional barriers in perpetuating rural-urban disparities, and suggest that reforming land and pension policies is critical to mitigating long-term welfare imbalances. 

This paper examines how child co-residence affects the labor supply of internal migrants in China. Standard labor supply theory predicts that children reduce parental labor supply by increasing childcare demands and the value of time at home. This paper shows that, in the institutional context of rural-urban migration in China, child co-residence can generate two opposing labor supply responses. Consistent with the standard labor supply model, child co-residence reduces labor market participation at the extensive margin. However, among employed migrants, each additional co-residing child significantly increases weekly working hours. Estimates of a structural labor supply model show that these patterns reflect two distinct mechanisms. Childcare constraints shape the participation decision, whereas financial pressure determines working hours conditional on employment.

This paper studies how family policies affect household behavior and urban-rural welfare in China. A quantitative overlapping-generations model with urban-rural heterogeneity and age-specific child-rearing costs is developed to capture both monetary and time burdens. The paper evaluates double reduction, fertility subsidies, and free kindergarten. All three policies generate modest fertility responses, but their welfare effects differ. Double reduction benefits urban households more by lowering education costs and time pressure. Subsidies and preschool support benefit rural households more because they are larger relative to income. A combined package delivers the largest newborn welfare gain and improves welfare in both sectors.